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A woodlouse is a terrestrial isopod crustacean with a rigid segmented long exoskeleton and fourteen jointed limbs. Mostly feed on dead plant material and they are usually active at night. Woodlice form the suborder Oniscidea within the order Isopoda with over 5,000 known species.

Woodlice in the genus Armadillidium and in the family Armadillidae can roll up into an almost perfect sphere as a defensive mechanism hence some of the common names such as pill bug or roly-poly.

Common names for woodlice vary throughout the English-speaking world. A number of common names make reference to the fact that some species of woodlice can roll up into a ball. Other names compare the woodlouse to a pig.

The woodlouse has a shell-like exoskeleton, which it must progressively shed as it grows. The moult takes place in two stages; the back half is lost first followed two or three days later by the front. This method of moulting is different from that of most arthropods which shed their cuticle in a single process.

A female woodlouse will keep fertilised eggs in a marsupium on the underside of her body until they hatch into offspring that look like small white woodlice curled up in balls. The mother then appears to "give birth" to her offspring. Females are also capable of reproducing asexually.

Despite being crustaceans like lobsters or crabs woodlice are said to have an unpleasant taste similar to strong urine.

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