Heart Wallpaper

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The heart is a muscular organ in humans and other animals which pumps blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory system. Blood provides the body with oxygen and nutrients as well as assists in the removal of metabolic wastes. In humans the heart is located between the lungs in the middle compartment of the chest.

In humans other mammals and birds the heart is divided into four chambers: upper left and right atria; and lower left and right ventricles. Commonly the right atrium and ventricle are referred together as the right and their left counterparts as the left. Fish in contrast have two chambers an atrium and a ventricle while reptiles have three chambers. In a healthy blood flows one way through the heart due to valves which prevent backflow. The heart is enclosed in a protective sac the pericardium which also contains a small amount of fluid. The wall of the heart is made up of three layers: epicardium myocardium and endocardium.

The heart pumps blood with a rhythm determined by a group of pacemaking cells in the sinoatrial node. These generate a current that causes contraction of the heart traveling through the atrioventricular node and along the conduction system of the heart. The heart receives blood low in oxygen from the systemic circulation which enters the right atrium from the superior and inferior venae cavae and passes to the right ventricle. From here it is pumped into the pulmonary circulation through the lungs where it receives oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide. Oxygenated blood then returns to the left atrium passes through the left ventricle and is pumped out through the aorta to the systemic circulation where the oxygen is used and metabolized to carbon dioxide. The heart beats at a resting rate close to 72 beats per minute. Exercise temporarily increases the rate but lowers resting rate in the long term and is good for health.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the most common cause of death globally as of 2008 accounting for 30% of deaths. Of these more than three quarters are a result of coronary artery disease and stroke. Risk factors include: smoking, being overweight little exercise high cholesterol high blood pressure and poorly controlled diabetes among others. Cardiovascular diseases frequently have no symptoms or may cause chest pain or shortness of breath. Diagnosis of disease is often done by the taking of a medical history listening to the heart-sounds with a stethoscope ECG and ultrasound. Specialists who focus on diseases of the heart are called cardiologists although many specialties of medicine may be involved in treatment.

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