Summer – Public Domain

A naive girl from a humble background meets an ambitious city boy.

Summer, conversely, deals with a far less privileged group living in an unidentified rural area of New England. Charity, a young woman living with her adoptive father, Lawyer Royall, in the small town of North Dormer, is desperate to escape the tedium of her environment. Although she purports an attitude of disdain as to the opinions of others, she constantly compares herself to the more educated and privileged Annabelle Balch, an inhabitant of the more sophisticated city of Springfield. She prevails upon Lawyer Royall to exercise his influence to help her attain a part-time job in the local library, and hopes to save her earnings in order to relocate.

Lucius Harney, a young New York City architect visiting an elderly relative in the area, serves as the catalyst that changes Charity’s world. She becomes infatuated with him, and the two have an affair, although he is secretly engaged to the worldlier Annabelle Balch. He leaves the area for what he promises will be a short time and promises to wed Charity upon his return; however, it becomes clear that he will fulfill his engagement to Annabelle instead. Pregnant and desperate, Charity attempts to return to an impoverished area called the Mountain, which is where Royall adopted her from. Royall finds her in a weakened state, marries her in order to preserve her reputation, and brings her home to North Dormer.

The subject matter of the novel is unique for its time. Female sexual passion and the specific problems of unwed pregnancies were not popular topics; Wharton analyzes the distinction between love and lust from the feminine perspective. Similarly, the dearth of professional opportunities available to women of this era, and their ultimate economic dependence upon marriage, is emphasized heavily. These issues would have resonated with an audience aware of the emerging battle for women’s suffrage, the limited availability of birth control, and the demand for enhanced educational opportunities for women.