Nota kajian Menara Penyejuk Kondensor Boiler untuk kejuruteraan & GATE / PSU.
Boilers condenser cooling Tower handwritten notes for engineering students & GATE /PSU aspirants. Which have good explanation with pictorial representation and numerical with problem solutions.
Boilers condenser cooling covered following topics which are indexed below :
Two phase system
Concept of two phase system.
Formation of steam, its various phases, definition and representation of wet steam, dry steam, saturated steam and superheated steam on PV, T-s and H-s diagram.
Concept and determination of dryness fraction and degree of superheat.
Concept and determination of latent heat, sensible heat, enthalpy, entropy and specific volume of steam.
Use of Steam tables and Mollier chart- (Heat Entropy Chart).
Numerical examples based on above.
Throttling process.
Methods of measurement of steam quality, Calorimeters- Bucket, Separating, Throttling and Combined calorimeters.
Boilers, mountings and accessories
Steam boiler-concept, definition as per Indian Boilers Regulation (IBR), functions, features and classification.
Working, merits and demerits of following low pressure steam boilers:
Simple vertical boiler.
Lancashire boiler.
Cornish boiler.
Cochran boiler.
Babcock and Wilcox water tube boiler.
Packaged boiler.
Waste heat recovery boiler.
Boiler mountings and accessories- functions, working and location on boilers.
Boiler draught system-concept and classification.
Boiler performance – parameters, evaporative capacity, equivalent evaporation, efficiency, heat balance sheet, simple numerical examples based on these.
Concept of fluidized bed combustion boilers.
Maintenance, inspection and safety precautions in boiler house (As per IBR), check list in boilers.
Steam prime movers
Concept and classification of prime movers.
Steam nozzles-types, working and applications. Mass and velocity of steam discharge through nozzle (No derivation). Simple examples.
Steam turbine – concept and classification. Impulse and reaction turbines (constructional and materials details.)-working and differences.
Compounding of steam turbine:
Need.
Pressure compounding.
Velocity compounding.
Pressure velocity compounding.
Steam condensers and cooling towers
Elements of a steam condensing plant, concept, function and classification of condensers.
Jet condensers and surface condensers- constructional sketch, working and differences.
Vacuum efficiency and condenser efficiency of condensers- simple numerical example.
Classification, function and working of cooling towers.
Air compressors
Air compressor-concepts, functions, classification and applications.
Working of reciprocating air compressor and rotary air compressors.
Single stage air compressor and multistage air compressor:
Working.
Inter-cooling & after cooling.
Power required and efficiency of reciprocating air compressors-single and two stages, simple numerical examples.
Concept of screw compressors for oil free air.
Heat transfer
Various modes of heat transfer.
Conduction heat transfer- Fourier’s law- explanation (No Cartesian or other equation derivation), thermal conductivity, heat transfer through a plain wall, composite wall and cylinder.
Convection heat transfer, Newton’s law of convection, Free and force convection, coefficient of convection.
Radiation heat transfer, Blackbody concept, emissivity, refractivity, absorptivity, Stefan and Boltzmann’s law.
Define thermal conductivity.
Need, types, properties and applications of insulating materials in various industries.
Difference between hot and cold insulation.
Over all heat transfer coefficient.
Simple numerical examples based on above.
Heat exchanger: introduction, types and applications- Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) concept- (No derivation & no numerical examples).
These are topics for Boilers condenser cooling which are covered in app.